Drive motor technology and industry development
The second part introduces the development of drive motor technology and industry. First, do a performance comparison of different types of motors. Why do you say this? I am often asked, which is good for induction motors and permanent magnet motors. What is the future direction of development? Use this picture to illustrate the various motors themselves. There are advantages and disadvantages, we need to understand their respective characteristics, put in the appropriate application areas. Generally speaking, DC motors are not used now. AC motors mainly include induction motors (asynchronous motors), switched reluctance motors and permanent magnet motors, and permanent magnet motors are divided into several types. From the perspective of automotive applications, the main focus is on the efficiency, speed range, power density and control performance of the motor. If the speed range is mentioned, the AC asynchronous motor and the permanent magnet synchronous motor have the same kind of speed regulation performance; if the constant power range is mentioned, due to the characteristics of the AC asynchronous motor itself, its constant power zone must be better than the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Lower.
In terms of high-efficiency zones, the result is that the high-efficiency zone of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is wider, which is also related to the principle of the motor itself. Like the AC asynchronous motor rotor must be excited, it will lose a part of the energy, permanent magnet motor because the rotor permanent magnet itself can generate magnetic field, making the efficiency superior. For a switched reluctance motor, there is no permanent magnet on the rotor, and there is no need for induction. It depends entirely on the change of magnetoresistance, so the efficiency is lower than that of the permanent magnet motor.
From the control performance of the motor body, the AC asynchronous motor and the permanent magnet synchronous motor are basically equivalent. Of course, there are still a small number of brushless DC motors that can be used in low-cost electric vehicles. Due to their own characteristics, the brushless DC motor still has a gap with the permanent magnet synchronous motor in terms of speed regulation, power density and efficiency.
From the perspective of motor body technology, there are several aspects: First, the motor design technology. Because automotive applications should not only consider power, torque, efficiency, but also heat, vibration, and motor control. When designing motors under these constraints, not only electromagnetic design, but also multiple areas. We propose multi-domain integration, multi-layer optimization and multi-port matching design. Multi-domain integration considers different fields such as machine, electricity, heat and magnetism. Multi-layer optimization is different from conceptual design, field-circuit coupling simulation to system integration simulation. Angle evaluation, multi-port matching refers to the matching of mechanical ports, electrical ports and hot ports.
From the motor design, the goal of the design is to continuously reduce the size and weight of the motor and continuously improve the torque quality of the motor. To do this, it is necessary to focus on the design of the rotor shape and the utilization of the reluctance torque in the design of the magnetic circuit of the motor. The motor torque is divided into two parts: a part of the permanent magnet torque is obtained by the permanent magnet, and the other part is the reluctance torque, which is obtained by design. The reluctance torque is designed to obtain a larger torque output under the premise that the permanent magnet is relatively fixed. At the same time, the whole motor should be quieter in the operating area, and the vibration and noise requirements are very high. This is also a very important indicator for the motor manufacturers in recent years. The thermal performance of the motor is very related to the manufacturing process. To make this motor small and light, the power and torque remain unchanged, the most important way is to improve its thermal performance, including the design of heat generation, heat conduction and heat dissipation.
Heat generation refers to reducing motor losses, including copper and iron. Reducing copper consumption requires innovation in the form of winding construction, including the high-density winding technology and flat wire technology seen here. The key to thermal conduction lies in the material and the groove design. How to greatly increase the heat transfer area without affecting the magnetic circuit performance is also the focus of the design. The heat dissipation is mainly the shape of the cooling water channel and the cooling method including oil cooling. However, oil-cooling technology involves a lot of key technologies, including insulation materials, winding paint films, lashing ropes, etc., to verify whether it is compatible with oil and so on.
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